Robert Louis Stevensons Classic Essay on Walking Tours

Robert Louis Stevenson's Classic Essay on Walking Tours In this affectionate response to William Hazlitts essay On Going a Journey,  Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson describes the pleasures of an idle walk in the country and the even finer pleasures that come afterwardsitting by a fire enjoying trips into the Land of Thought. Stevenson is most well known for his novels including  Kidnapped, Treasure Island and The Strange Case of  Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.  Stevenson was a famous author during his life and has remained an important part of the literary cannon. This essay highlights his lesser-known skills as a travel writer.   Walking Tours by Robert Louis Stevenson 1 It must not be imagined that a walking tour, as some would have us fancy, is merely a better or worse way of seeing the country. There are many ways of seeing landscape quite as good; and none more vivid, in spite of canting dilettantes, than from a railway train. But landscape on a walking tour is quite accessory. He who is indeed of the brotherhood does not voyage in quest of the picturesque, but of certain jolly humoursof the hope and spirit with which the march begins at morning, and the peace and spiritual repletion of the evenings rest. He cannot tell whether he puts his knapsack on, or takes it off, with more delight. The excitement of the departure puts him in key for that of the arrival. Whatever he does is not only a reward in itself, but will be further rewarded in the sequel; and so pleasure leads on to pleasure in an endless chain. It is this that so few can understand; they will either be always lounging or always at five miles an hour; they do not play off the one ag ainst the other, prepare all day for the evening, and all evening for the next day. And, above all, it is here that your overwalker fails of comprehension. His heart rises against those who drink their curaà §ao in liqueur glasses, when he himself can swill it in a brown John. He will not believe that the flavour is more delicate in the smaller dose. He will not believe that to walk this unconscionable distance is merely to stupefy and brutalise himself, and come to his inn, at night, with a sort of frost on his five wits, and a starless night of darkness in his spirit. Not for him the mild luminous evening of the temperate walker! He has nothing left of man but a physical need for bedtime and a double nightcap; and even his pipe, if he be a smoker, will be savourless and disenchanted. It is the fate of such an one to take twice as much trouble as is needed to obtain happiness, and miss the happiness in the end; he is the man of the proverb, in short, who goes further and fares worse. 2 Now, to be properly enjoyed, a walking tour should be gone upon alone. If you go in a company, or even in pairs, it is no longer a walking tour in anything but name; it is something else and more in the nature of a picnic. A walking tour should be gone upon alone, because freedom is of the essence; because you should be able to stop and go on, and follow this way or that, as the freak takes you; and because you must have your own pace, and neither trot alongside a champion walker, nor mince in time with a girl. And then you must be open to all impressions and let your thoughts take colour from what you see. You should be as a pipe for any wind to play upon. I cannot see the wit, says Hazlitt, of walking and talking at the same time. When I am in the country I wish to vegetate like the countrywhich is the gist of all that can be said upon the matter. There should be no cackle of voices at your elbow, to jar on the meditative silence of the morning. And so long as a man is reasoning he cannot surrender himself to that fine intoxication that comes of much motion in the open air, that begins in a sort of dazzle and sluggishness of the brain, and ends in a peace that passes comprehension. 3 During the first day or so of any tour there are moments of bitterness, when the traveller feels more than coldly towards his knapsack, when he is half in a mind to throw it bodily over the hedge and, like Christian on a similar occasion, give three leaps and go on singing. And yet it soon acquires a property of easiness. It becomes magnetic; the spirit of the journey enters into it. And no sooner have you passed the straps over your shoulder than the lees of sleep are cleared from you, you pull yourself together with a shake, and fall at once into your stride. And surely, of all possible moods, this, in which a man takes the road, is the best. Of course, if he will keep thinking of his anxieties, if he will open the merchant Abudahs chest and walk arm-in-arm with the hagwhy, wherever he is, and whether he walk fast or slow, the chances are that he will not be happy. And so much the more shame to himself! There are perhaps thirty men setting forth at that same hour, and I would lay a large wager there is not another dull face among the thirty. It would be a fine thing to follow, in a coat of darkness, one after another of these wayfarers, some summer morning, for the first few miles upon the road. This one, who walks fast, with a keen look in his eyes, is all concentrated in his own mind; he is up at his loom, weaving and weaving, to set the landscape to words. This one peers about, as he goes, among the grasses; he waits by the canal to watch the dragon-flies; he leans on the gate of the pasture, and cannot look enough upon the complacent kine. And here comes another, talking, laughing, and gesticulating to himself. His face changes from time to time, as indignation flashes from his eyes or anger clouds his forehead. He is composing articles, delivering orations, and conducting the most impassioned interviews, by the way. 4  A little farther on, and it is as like as not he will begin to sing. And well for him, supposing him to be no great master in that art, if he stumble across no stolid peasant at a corner; for on such an occasion, I scarcely know which is the more troubled, or whether it is worse to suffer the confusion of your  troubadour,  or the unfeigned alarm of your clown. A sedentary population, accustomed, besides, to the strange mechanical bearing of the common tramp, can in no wise explain to itself the gaiety of these passers-by. I knew one man who was arrested as a runaway lunatic, because, although a full-grown person with a red beard, he skipped as he went like a child. And you would be astonished if I were to tell you all the grave and learned heads who have confessed to me that, when on walking tours, they sangand sang very illand had a pair of red ears when, as described above, the inauspicious peasant  plumped  into their arms from round a corner. And here, lest you shou ld think I am exaggerating, is Hazlitts own confession, from his essay  On Going a Journey,  which is so good that there should be a tax levied on all who have not read it: Give me the clear blue sky over my head, says he, and the green turf beneath my feet, a winding road before me, and a three hours march to dinnerand then to thinking! It is hard if I cannot start some game on these lone heaths. I laugh, I run, I leap, I sing for joy. Bravo! After that adventure of my friend with the policeman, you would not have cared, would you, to publish that in the first person? But we have no bravery nowadays, and, even in books, must all pretend to be as dull and foolish as our  neighbours. It was not so with Hazlitt. And notice how learned he is (as, indeed, throughout the essay) in the theory of walking tours. He is none of your athletic men in purple stockings, who walk their fifty miles a day: three hours march is his ideal. And then he must have a winding road, the epicure! 5  Yet there is one thing I object to in these words of his, one thing in the great masters practice that seems to me not wholly wise. I do not approve of that leaping and running. Both of these hurry the respiration; they both shake up the brain out of its glorious open-air  confusion; and  they both break the pace. Uneven walking is not so agreeable to the body, and it distracts and irritates the mind. Whereas, when once you have fallen into an equable stride, it requires no conscious thought from you to keep it up, and yet it prevents you from thinking earnestly of anything else. Like knitting, like the work of a copying clerk, it gradually  neutralises  and sets to sleep the serious activity of the mind. We can think of this or that, lightly and laughingly, as a child thinks, or as we think in a morning doze; we can make puns or puzzle out acrostics, and trifle in a thousand ways with words and rhymes; but when it comes to honest work, when we come to gather ourselves t ogether for an effort, we may sound the trumpet as loud and long as we please; the great barons of the mind will not rally to the standard, but sit, each one, at home, warming his hands over his own fire and brooding on his own private thought! 6  In the course of a days walk, you see, there is much variance in the mood. From the exhilaration of the  start,  to the happy phlegm of the arrival, the change is certainly great. As the day goes on, the  traveller  moves from the one extreme towards the other. He becomes more and more incorporated  with  the material landscape, and the open-air drunkenness grows upon him with great strides, until he posts along the road, and sees everything about him, as in a cheerful dream. The first is certainly brighter, but the second stage is the more peaceful. A man does not make so many articles towards the end, nor does he laugh aloud; but the purely animal pleasures, the sense of physical wellbeing, the delight of every inhalation, of every time the muscles tighten down the thigh, console him for the absence of the others, and bring him to his destination still content. 7  Nor must I forget to say a word on bivouacs. You come to a milestone on a hill, or some place where deep ways meet under trees; and off goes the knapsack, and down you sit to smoke a pipe in the shade. You sink into yourself, and the birds come round and look at you; and your smoke dissipates upon the afternoon under the blue dome of  heaven; and  the sun lies warm upon your feet, and the cool air visits your neck and turns aside your open shirt. If you are not happy, you must have an evil conscience. You may dally as long as you like by the roadside. It is almost as if the millennium  were  arrived,  when we shall throw our clocks and watches over the housetop, and remember time and seasons no more. Not to keep hours for a lifetime is, I was going to say, to live  for ever. You have no  idea,  unless you have tried it, how endlessly long is a summers day, that you measure out only by hunger, and bring to an end only when you are drowsy. I know a village where th ere are hardly any clocks, where no one knows more of the days of the week than by a sort of instinct for the fete on Sundays, and where only one person can tell you the day of the month, and she is generally wrong; and if people were aware how slow Time journeyed in that village, and what armfuls of spare hours he gives, over and above the bargain, to its wise inhabitants, I believe there would be a stampede out of London, Liverpool, Paris, and a variety of large towns, where the clocks lose their heads, and shake the hours out each one faster than the other, as though they were all in a wager. And all these foolish pilgrims would each bring his own misery along with him, in a watch-pocket! 8  It is to be noticed, there were no clocks and watches in the much-vaunted days before the flood. It follows, of course, there were no appointments, and punctuality was not yet thought upon. Though ye take from a covetous man all his treasure, says Milton, he has yet one jewel left; ye cannot deprive him of his covetousness. And so I would say of a modern man of business, you may do what you will for him, put him in Eden, give him the elixir of lifehe has still a flaw at heart, he still has his business habits. Now, there is no time when business habits are more mitigated than on a walking tour. And so during these halts, as I say, you will feel almost free. 9  But it is at night, and after dinner, that the best hour comes. There are no such pipes to be smoked as those that follow a good days march; the flavor of the tobacco is a thing to be remembered, it is so dry and aromatic, so full and so fine. If you wind up the evening with grog, you will own there was never such grog; at every sip a jocund tranquillity spreads about your limbs, and sits easily in your heart. If you read a bookand you will never do so save by fits and startsyou find the language strangely racy and harmonious; words take a new meaning; single sentences possess the ear for half an hour together; and the writer endears himself to you, at every page, by the nicest coincidence of sentiment. It seems as if it were a book you had written yourself in a dream. To all we have read on such occasions we look back with special favor. It was on the 10th of April, 1798, says Hazlitt, with amorous precision, that I sat down to a volume of the new  Heloise, at the Inn at Lla ngollen, over a bottle of sherry and a cold chicken. I should wish to quote more, for though we are mighty fine fellows nowadays, we cannot write like Hazlitt. And, talking of that, a volume of Hazlitts essays would be a capital pocket-book on such a journey; so would a volume of Heines songs; and for  Tristram Shandy  I can pledge a fair experience. 10  If the evening be fine and warm, there is nothing better in life than to lounge before the inn door in the sunset, or lean over the parapet of the bridge, to watch the weeds and the quick fishes. It is then, if ever, that you taste Joviality to the full significance of that audacious word. Your muscles are so agreeably slack, you feel so clean and so strong and so idle, that whether you move or sit still, whatever you do is done with pride and a kingly sort of pleasure. You fall in talk with any one, wise or foolish, drunk or sober. And it seems as if a hot walk purged you, more than of anything else, of all narrowness and pride, and left curiosity to play its part freely, as in a child or a man of science. You lay aside all your own hobbies, to watch provincial humour develop themselves before you, now as a laughable farce, and now grave and beautiful like an old tale. 11  Or perhaps you are left to your own company for the night, and surly weather imprisons you by the fire. You may remember how Burns, numbering past pleasures, dwells upon the hours when he has been happy thinking. It is a phrase that may well perplex a poor modern, girt about on every side by clocks and chimes, and haunted, even at night, by flaming  dialplates. For we are all so busy, and have so many far-off projects to realise, and castles in the fire to turn into solid habitable mansions on a gravel soil, that we can find no time for pleasure trips into the Land of Thought and among the Hills of Vanity. Changed times, indeed, when we must sit all night, beside the fire, with folded hands; and a changed world for most of us, when we find we can pass the hours without discontent, and be happy thinking. We are in such haste to be doing, to be writing, to be gathering gear, to make our voice audible a moment in the derisive silence of eternity, that we forget that one thing, o f which these are but the partsnamely, to live. We fall in love, we drink hard, we run to and fro upon the earth like frightened sheep. And now you are to ask yourself if, when all is done, you would not have been better to sit by the fire at home, and be happy thinking. To sit still and contemplateto remember the faces of women without desire, to be pleased by the great deeds of men without envy, to be everything and everywhere in sympathy, and yet content to remain where and what you areis not this to know both wisdom and virtue, and to dwell with happiness? After all, it is not they who carry flags, but they who look upon it from a private chamber, who have the fun of the procession. And once you are at that, you are in the very humor of all social heresy. It is no time for shuffling, or for big, empty words. If you ask yourself what you mean by fame, riches, or learning, the answer is far to seek; and you go back into that kingdom of light imaginations, which seem so vain in the eyes of Philistines perspiring after wealth, an d so momentous to those who are stricken with the disproportions of the world, and, in the face of the gigantic stars, cannot stop to split differences between two degrees of the infinitesimally small, such as a tobacco pipe or the Roman Empire, a million of money or a fiddlesticks end. 12  You lean from the window, your last pipe reeking whitely into the darkness, your body full of delicious pains, your mind enthroned in the seventh circle of content; when suddenly the mood changes, the weathercock goes about, and you ask yourself one question more: whether, for the interval, you have been the wisest philosopher or the most egregious of donkeys? Human experience is not yet able to reply, but at least you have had a fine moment, and looked down upon all the kingdoms of the earth. And whether it was wise or foolish, to-morrows travel will carry you, body and mind, into some different parish of the infinite. Originally published in the  Cornhill Magazine  in 1876, Walking Tours by Robert Louis Stevenson appears in the collection  Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers  (1881).

Definition and Examples of Polyptoton in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Polyptoton in Rhetoric Definition Polyptoton (pronounced  po-LIP-ti-tun)  is a  rhetorical term for the repetition of words derived from the same root but with different endings. Adjective: polyptotonic. Also known as  paregmenon. Polyptoton is a figure of emphasis. In the Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (1996), Hadumod Bussmann points out that the double play of varying sound and contrasting meaning in many aphorisms is achieved through the use of polyptoton.  Janie Steen notes that polyptoton is  one of the most frequently employed types of repetition in the Bible (Verse and Virtuosity, 2008). Pronunciation: po-LIP-ti-tun EtymologyFrom the Greek, use of the same word in many  cases Examples and Observations I dreamed a dream in times gone byWhen hope was highAnd life worth living.(Herbert Kretzmer and Claude-Michel Schà ¶nberg, I Dreamed a Dream. Les Miserables, 1985)Choosy Mothers Choose Jif(commercial slogan for Jif peanut butter)To imagine the unimaginable is the highest  use of the imagination.(Cynthia Ozick, The Paris Review, 1986)I have no sharp taste for acquiring things, but it is not necessary to desire things in order to acquire them.(E.B. White, Goodbye to Forty-Eighth Street. Essays of E.B. White. Harper, 1977)The things you own end up owning you.(Brad Pitt in the movie Fight Club, 1999)[S]he now mourned someone who even before his death had made her a mourner.(Bernard Malamud, The Natural, 1952)Flattery is so necessary to all of us that we flatter one another just to be flattered in return.(Marjorie Bowen)To be ignorant of ones ignorance is the malady of the ignorant.(A. Bronson Alcott, Conversations. Table-Talk, 1877)By dint of railing at idiots, one runs the risk of be coming idiotic oneself.(Gustave Flaubert) The young are generally full of revolt, and are often pretty revolting about it.(Mignon McLaughlin, The Complete Neurotics Notebook. Castle Books, 1981)[T]he signora at every grimace and at every bow smiled a little smile and bowed a little bow.(Anthony Trollope, Barchester Towers, 1857)Divine Master, grant that I may not so much seek to be consoled as to console;To be understood as to understand;To be loved as to love;For it is in giving that we receive;It is in pardoning that we are pardoned;And it is in dying that we are born to eternal life.(Prayer of St. Francis of Assisi)Morality is moral only when it is voluntary.(Lincoln Steffens)Facing it- always facing it- thats the way to get through. Face it.(Attributed to  Joseph Conrad)A good ad should be like a good sermon: it must not only comfort the afflicted; it also must afflict the comfortable.(Bernice Fitzgibbon)Friendly Americans win American friends.(Slogan of the United States Travel Service in the 1960s)Behold, I shew you a mystery; we shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory.(St. Paul, 1 Corinthians 15:51-54) His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars.(William Faulkner, Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, December 1950)Sentimentality is the emotional promiscuity of those who have no sentiment.(Norman Mailer, Cannibals and Christians, 1966)Shakespearean Polyptoton- ...love is not loveWhich alters when it alteration finds,Or bends with the remover to remove...(William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116)- Shakespeare takes great interest  in this  device; it increases patterning without wearying the ear, and it  takes  advantage of the differing functions, energies, and positionings that different word classes are permitted  in speech. Schaar [in An Elizabethan Sonnet Problem, 1960] says that Shakespeare uses polyptoton almost to excess, using derivatives of more than a hundred stems in the sonnets.(The Princeton Handbook of Poetic Terms, 3rd ed., ed. by  Roland Greene and  Stephen Cushman. Princeton University Press, 2016)Polyptoton and the BeatlesPlease Please Me [a song by Jo hn Lennon recorded by the Beatles]  is a classic case of polyptoton. The first please is please the interjection, as in Please mind the gap. The second please is a verb meaning to give pleasure, as in This pleases me. Same word: two different parts of speech.(Mark Forsyth,  The Elements of Eloquence: Secrets of the Perfect Turn of Phrase. Berkley, 2013) Polyptoton as an Argumentative StrategyIt is sometimes the goal of an argument to take a concept accepted by an audience in one role or category of a sentence action and transfer it to others, an agent becoming an action or an action becoming an attribute and so on. This work is epitomized by polyptoton, the grammatical morphing of the word, as Aristotle explains repeatedly in the Topics... He points out, for example, how peoples judgments follow a term as it changes from one part of speech to another. So, for example, an audience who believes that acting justly is better than acting courageously will also believe that justice is better than courage and vice versa... [T]he Topics is not concerned with immutable rules of validity but with the patterns of reasoning that most people follow most of the time, and most people will indeed follow the logic of polyptotonic morphing as Aristotle describes it.(Jeanne Fahnestock, Rhetorical Figures in Science. Oxford University Press, 1999)

Comparison the education between saudi arabia and usa Essay

Comparison the education between saudi arabia and usa - Essay Example About 90 percent of Saudi nationals are Arabs† (Saudi Arabia). Because of these huge differences between these two countries, the educational system in these two countries is also different. This paper compares the educational system between Saudi Arabia and USA. The education in Saudi Arabia and the USA are similar in terms of government spending on education, freedom to choose the school and education for people with special needs, while differ in terms of attitude towards education, literacy rate, religion in school, gender roles, grading scales, and stages of education (Stevenson) America is one of the most advanced countries in the world which reflected in their educational system also. Historically, Christians are keener in providing better education to their children whereas Muslims are not much keener in providing education to their children, especially to the females. These differences in attitude towards education are reflected in the social life of these two countrie s. While most of the Americans are going to the schools and colleges irrespective of the gender differences, in Saudi Arabia, women are not much interested in getting educated because of the social systems prevailing there. The Saudi Arabian curriculum is mostly dominated by the Religious beliefs and the influence of religion can be witnessed at every corner in Saudi Arabian educational systems.

Follow-up Questions for 2nd Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Follow-up Questions for 2nd Writing - Assignment Example oved from Montgomery to Hampton to look for green pastures and mostly because park had disagreements with King and other heads of the civil rights movement. Parks got a new job in Hampton as a hostess in a hotel and after a short while they moved again to Michigan (Parks and Reed 2006, 44). Until in 1965, Park labored as a seamstress when the American-African diplomat for U.S, J.Conyers employed her as a secretary. In 1970, Parks experienced the worst of her live when illness struck her, her husband, brother and mother causing her to admit donations from well-wishers (Weidt 2003, 76). Later on Parks was involved in a fall accident while she was walking on an icy sidewalk and she was hospitalized with broken bones. It was a big blow when she lost her family members within a short span of time (Weidt 2003, 81). In 1980 she devoted herself to founding and raising finances for communal rights and learning associations. In 1992 she published her autography named Rosa Park-my story which was aiming the youthful generation and there after her memoir-Quiet Strength and points out the significance role her faith played in her life (Weidt 2003, 84). In 1994, she was attacked by a drug addict an ordeal that traumatized her for long. She made her last appearance on the film in 1999 after participating in a movie called Touched by an Angel (Weidt 2003, 91). In 2000 her health deteriorated and was almost evicted from her apartment when a Baptist church came to her rescue due to high accumulation of rent debts (Weidt 2003, 91). She was honored and received many awards due to her achievements and later died on October

The marketing environment audit Essay Example for Free

The marketing environment audit Essay Brisk innovation and globalization have produced great opportunities and alternatives in the marketplace for consumers and business organizations alike. Competitive demands have led to sourcing and manufacturing on a global scale, resulting in a significant rise in product offerings. As businesses grow more multifaceted, so as their supply chains. This paper will attempt to describe Dells supply chain as one of the most successful and leading supply chain in the personal computer industry, including its processes and material flow. Comparison and contrast with its competitors, recommendations for process improvement and its ethical considerations will be discussed. Existing Supply Chain Process Dells business concept based on direct-sales and build- to-order has achieved superior performance in the PC industry in terms of inventory turnover, reduced overhead, cash conversion and return on investment. Building PC to order means that Dell must have parts and components on hand to build a wide array of possible configurations with little advance notice. In order to fill orders quickly, Dell must have an excellent manufacturing and logistics capabilities supported by information systems that enable it to substitute information for inventory. Order? taking The supply chain process begins when orders come in, mostly from internet/intranet (90%) using the built-to-order model. Integrated with direct to consumer, the system allows consumers to decide what features are needed for their computers before product manufacturing is completed. Dell offer standard models configured by the customers themselves as they generate the orders. It is called built-to-order as opposed to built- to-stock that requires inventory. Built-to-order significantly lowers financing costs and increases customer satisfaction for Dells chosen market segment. Dell records an order, clears credit (as they take no chances) and Demograpic the competitive rivalry that exists in the PC market globally become one of the threaths to dell’s company. There are some actions that have been taken by dell’s company to respond to the demographic’s developments and trends , such as innovation approach, technology initiatives, flobal product development,etc. Economics The computer industry expects a growth of approximately ten percent over the next years. 5 This growth is influenced by the economic situation in a specific country, having an impact on the purchasing power of potential customers. Additionally, changing inflation rates and currency fluctuation also determine the profitability of a company. To respond to the economic development, dell is making and selling low cost , low price computers to PC retailers. Dell is the world’s largest PC maker. For the last couple years, it has held its position as market leader. Environmental Dell led firms in the computing sector, Dell scored particularly well in renewable energy use , recycling, and its integration of a sustainability strategy in its business. Moreover, Dell sources about 35 percent of its U. S energy use from green power and app. 20 % globally, and its offers free computer recycling to consumer world wide. Technological There is hardly any industry that is characterised by a faster technological development than the computer industry. Increased Research Development have caused permanent innovation processes which lead to short product life cycles resulting in a faster depreciation of the products Politic and legal Political factors include government regulations and legal issues determining the conditions under which companies have to operate. In this field, the computer industry has to face certain restraints. Problems can arise in countries where political stability is not guaranteed, no matter whether companies operate production facilities or if they do business with that country through exports. Many countries still have restrictive policies which are maintained to protect domestic manufacturers and production. Such policies often hinder foreign companies from entering into these markets. The only possibility to do business in those countries is to establish partnerships with local companies, where they are additionally forced to accept minority shares and to provide money and technological know-how. However, the computer industry sees great potential in those countries which loose their restrictions. 4 This is especially true for China which has opened for many industries since its accession to the WTO in 2001. In the course of globalisation trade barriers decline and new markets emerge, allowing free trade to expand. Cultural and social The national demand for computers is dependent on the educational level prevailing in a specific country. The higher the educational standard, the higher is the demand. Furthermore, computers get more and more involved in daily life. Today, children already get familiar with the use of computers at a very young age, representing a generation that will hardly live and work without a computer in the future. Additionally, the brand image of a computer and lifestyle trends get more and more decisive for the purchasing decision. The computer industry adapts to this trend, e. g. by offering a wider range of notebooks and by trying to create a strong brand name. For Dell’s company, this lifestyle can give benefits for them. There are some respon of the Dell’s company to factors in the micro environment. I’ll explain it in this paragraph. Firstly, the market for laptop computers has distinguished its self as the fastest growing segment in the computer industry. Throught out its growth and development,this market, like many others , has changed a great deal as a result of customers demands. In an effort to carter to these demands, the company like dell look to market trends to aid to the development of new products. In its most recent stages, the laptop has been specifically influenced by an number trends. Secondly, customers are becoming more educated about their purchase so dell believe in creating loyal customers by providing a superior experience at a great value. Dell are committed to direct relationships, providing the best products and services based on standards-based technology, and outperforming the competition with value and a superior customer experience. Besides, there are many competitors that must be looked by dell’s company. Therefore, to response to the markets, customers, competitors , distribution and dealers, and supplier and facilitators, Dell’s company use direct strategy which selling low cost , low price computers to PC retailers.

Honda, The Car Everyone Needs :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Honda, The Car Everyone Needs      Ã‚  Ã‚   Beep! Beep! Beep! Goes the alarm clock in the other room.   Oh man, surely it can't be time to get up yet, you think to yourself. As you scramble out of the bed and into the shower, the thought crosses your mind, I hope my car starts. You take the quickest shower possible and eat breakfast so fast you almost choke and then realize, I'm still going to be late for my 8 o'clock class. You race out of the house with your keys in your hand, jump into the car, and damn it won't start. Then, you think to yourself, could this day get any worse? If this sounds like your typical morning, then I have the car for you.      Ã‚  Ã‚   What kind of car do you drive? Is it a piece of junk that is falling apart? Are you looking to buy a new car? Are you attending college presently? If you answered yes to the majority of these questions then you could be in the market to buy a Honda Civic.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Every college student should own a Honda Civic. After all the Honda Civic ranks as   the best selling compact car in America. Why wouldn't it be? Being affordable, reliable, durable, safe, economical, compact and sporty, with low insurance rates, and not to mention achieving great gas mileage makes this car the best. This car has everything I look for when buying a new car and more.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Price affordability is definitely the first thing I notice when looking at this car. When going to college most students don't have thousands of extra dollars lying around, so price is one of our main concerns. Price is an extremely attractive factor when looking at a Honda Civic because they are highly affordable starting around the low price of $14,000. If your one of those people that must have all the accessories and options, then you can buy a Honda Civic nicely equipped for around $16,000, which as you can see is very affordable when compared to others in its class.      Ã‚  Ã‚   This very affordable car also has a reputation for reliability. A reliable car is beyond doubt what a stressed out college student needs.

Deceptive Commercial Speech and Advertising

Deceptive Commercial Speech and Advertising According to the commercial speech doctrine, only deceptive speech that is considered commercial may be regulated. General deceptive speech is not commercial, may not be regulated. When deciding what may and may not be regulated, it is important to understand the subtle differences in what is considered commercial and non commercial speech. An analyzation of false advertising would give further understanding to the notion of commercial speech and how it may be degenerative to a society when untruthful. Commercial Speech According to the Supreme Court, the definition of commercial speech is a â€Å"combination of a core notion surrounded by a penumbral boundary defined on the basis of three characteristics† (Howard, 1991). This â€Å"core notion† of commercial speech is â€Å"speech which does ‘no more than propose a commercial transaction’† [1] Beyond this notion exists a body of commercial speech identified in the Bolger v. Youngs Drug Prods. Corp. 1983 case by whether the speech is as an advertisement, whether the speech refers to a specific product, or whether the speaker is economically motivated. 2] Although individually these characteristics are insufficient to establish speech as commercial, the combination of all three offers a strong argument for describing commercial speech. Advertising The Merriam-Webster dictionary lists an advertisement as something that is shown of presented to the public to help sell a product or to make an announcement. In short adve rtising may be described as a public notice published in the press or broadcast over the air. Many societies receive a bulk of their daily information from advertisements selling physical products, attempting to sway opinions, and introducing new ideas. The increase in media technology has opened a doorway to deliver a constant stream of information including advertisements that may be biased or altogether misleading. Current social network sites allow users to â€Å"like† or â€Å"check-in† to retailers and offer their own perception of goods and services. These social networks allow for the â€Å"word of mouth† method of advertising to increase in effectiveness due to the widespread availability of technology. Development Commercial speech is typically given limited First Amendment protections; however, there exists two types of commercial speech that are exempt from any protection whatsoever. Advertising that is false, misleading, or deceptive is given no protection by the government. Advertising that show cases unlawful goods or services will also receive zero protection from the government (Pember & Calvert, 2011). Doctrine The Commercial Speech Doctrine was developed to outline which protected commercial speech may be regulated. While little to no rights are granted to misleading ads or unlawful goods and services, protected commercial speech may also be subject to regulation if: there is substantial state interest to justify regulation, there is evidence that the regulation directly advances this interest, or there is reasonable fit between the state interest and the government regulation (Pember & Calvert, 2011). Before a state decides to regulate commercial speech that has presumed protection under the First Amendment, that state must assert a reasonable cause for wanting to regulate the speech. For example: a billboard that is blocking the view of drivers on the street nearby would be reasonable cause for regulating that speech. The state must next prove that this regulation of speech has directly effected the interest at which it was aimed. For example: the removal of the billboard must show a decrease in traffic violations in the area. Finally, the state must show that the regulation of commercial speech has been narrowly tailored to fit a specific interest. For example: the regulation involving the removal of a billboard must be specific to that particular billboard. Following these guidelines allows for a state to regulate commercial speech that is not misleading or unlawful in goods or services. Fraud, Falsity, and Misleadingness In 1981, J. Edward Russo, Barbara L. Metcalf, and Debra Stephens identified three approaches to unjust advertising. Each view parallels the three components of advertising communication. â€Å"Fraud focuses on the advertiser and assumes a deliberate intent to create false beliefs about the product. Falsity in advertising refers to the existence of a claim-fact discrepancy. Misleadingness focuses exclusively on consumer beliefs† (Russo, Metcalf, & Stephens, 1981). Advertisers who display low ethics and advertise deliberate misinformation are guilty of fraud; however, it remains an impractical approach. Proving a â€Å"deliberate intent† to mislead through an advertisement is difficult and may be irrelevant to the harm caused to consumers. Although, major industry regulator, the National Advertising Division (NAD) of the Better Business Bureau, does not generally require proof of fraud to remove an ad from publication, this does not apply in all situations (Russo, Metcalf, & Stephens, 1981). Falsity in advertising occurs when a claim is made that is not documented with fact. For example: a company advertises that a product with fly, but the product does not fly. Falsity is easily verified by proving that a discrepancy exists between advertisement and reality. Insufficiency of falsity occurs when an ad generates a consumer belief of falsity, even though one has not been directly stated. Misleadingness, the third view, focuses entirely on what consumers believe. â€Å"A demonstration of misleadingness requires the observation of false consumer beliefs in conjunction with exposure to the ad† (Russo, Metcalf, & Stephens, 1981). If an ad is believed to be in violation of this, it must prove that there is a direct relation between the release of the ad and change in societal belief. The Federal Trade Commission refocused its approach to misleadingness by focusing little on the actual message and more on the resulting consumer beliefs. References 1. Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc. , 425 U. S. 748, 762 (1976) (quoting Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations, 413 U. S. 376, 385 (1973)). Bolger v. Youngs Drug Prods. Corp. 463 U. S. 60, 66-67 (1983). Howard, A. (1991). The constitutionality of deceptive speech regulations: Replacing the commercial speech doctrine. Case Western Reserve Law Review, 41(4), 1093. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary:http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/advertisements Pember, D. R. , and Calvert, C. (2011). Mass media law. 17th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Russo, J. , Metcalf, B. L. , & Stephe ns, D. (1981). Identifying Misleading Advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(2), 119-131. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Case Study (Too Much of a Good Thing)

Benjamin Foster Physiology 10/23/2012 Case Study 1 (Too much of a good thing)) The definition of OSMOSIS is the movement of a solvent through a membrane separating two solutions of different concentrations. The solvent from the side of weaker concentration usually moves to the side of the stronger concentration, diluting it, until the concentrations of the solutions are equal on both sides of the membrane. Michael made numerous mistakes in this story that caused the corn fields to die. The first mistake Michael made was to add the additional fertilizer to the crops.The extra fertilizer around the roots of the corn produced a hypertonic environment. The cells lost water because of the excessive fertilizer. The extra fertilizer caused the cell to turn hypertonic to the plant cell. This made the water diffuse from the plant cells into the soil by the process of OSMOSIS and the cells began to get smaller. The water would have eventually left the cells completely, which would have caused the plant cell to eventually die. Michael’s second mistake is that he didn’t remove the extra fertilizer.In theory, if he would have removed the extra fertilizer and add extra water, he could have possibly saved the crops. People generally water their plants with only water which creates a isotonic environment around the roots of the plants and permits the plant roots to draw up minerals through the soil faster and easier for absorption without the intrusion of added solutes (extra fertilizer) which may slow the absorption process or even refrain the cells from absorbing the water and minerals through the roots.

C-section essays

C-section essays Lets cut to the uterus and get the fetus out. The purpose of this paper is to inform you of the possible complications during pregnancy and delivery. You will learn about the possibility of having placenta previa and placenta abruption. You will also understand how ultrasounds and cesarean sections are performed. Hopefully you will never have any of these complications or conditions but if you do you will have knowledge about them and be able to better take care of yourself and unborn child. A cesarean section is a surgical procedure where a doctor makes an incision in a womans abdomen and uterus walls to remove a baby. Approximately 22-25% of all births in the United States are by cesarean section. (Giving birth by cesarean section.) There is nothing new about cesarean section as it is mentioned in both eastern and western cultures in folklore in the 1500s. The earliest use of a cesarean section was extracting a fetus from a dead or dying mother for religious reasons. A Swiss farmer carried out the first recorded cesarean in which the mother and baby survived in the 1500s also. Cesarean sections that were performed between 1787 and 1876 that were recorded showed that not a single Parisian woman survived the surgery. Due to better antiseptic practices and anesthesia in the 1980 a cesarean section proved to be a safe surgical procedure. However in the 1980s cesarean sections grew to represent nearly 25% of all deliveries. (C-sections: Then and now.) Doctors do not always decide to perform a cesarean section until labor has started unless there are complications with the pregnancy. There are numerous reasons why a cesarean might be the only way to give birth. I will give a couple examples and explain them as to why a cesarean section is the best choice for an outcome of a healthy mother and child in these examples. Early in the pregnancy most doctors like to give the pregnant wo...

Understanding Fraternity and Sorority Rush

Understanding Fraternity and Sorority Rush Fraternities and sororities are undergraduate Greek-letter groups designed to offer social and academic and support for their members. The organizations originated in the late 1700s with the Phi Beta Kappa Society. About nine million students belong to fraternities and sororities. The National Panhellenic Conference has 26 sororities and 69 fraternities belong to the North American Interfraternity Council. Along with these larger groups, there are a number of smaller fraternities and sororities that are not affiliated with these organizations. What Is Rush? College kids who are interested in Greek life typically go through a ritual known as rush, which consists of a series of social events and gatherings that allow prospective and current fraternity or sorority members to get to know each other. Each institution has its own particular style for conducting rush. Rush lasts anywhere from a week to several weeks. Depending on the university, rush may take place prior to the beginning of the fall semester, a week or two into fall, or at the beginning of the second semester. At the end of this getting acquainted period, Greek houses offer bids to those students they feel would be the best fit for membership. Sorority Rush Women are usually expected to visit each sorority in order to meet its members so that sisters in the house can get a feel for their personality and determine if they are a compatible fit. Sorority sisters may sing or put on the show to welcome potential members when they visit. Theres usually a short interview for prospective candidates and those who make the cut may be invited back for an additional meeting that might include dinner or an event. If youre a good fit for the sorority, they will likely offer you a bid to become a member of the house. Unfortunately, some women who really want bids don’t get them and wind up with hurt feelings instead. You can always go through rush again, or if the process feels too formal, informal rush usually takes place throughout the year so you can have the opportunity to meet the sorority sisters and get to know them in a more relaxed atmosphere. Fraternity Rush Fraternity rush is usually less formal than that of sororities. During rush, prospective candidates get to know the brothers in the house and vice versa to determine compatibility. The frat may host some type of informal event, such as a touch football game, a barbeque, or a party. After rush, fraternities give outbids. Those who accept become pledges. Most frats have a fall pledge class and another in the winter. If you dont get in, you can always rush again. What Is Greek Life Like? Greek life is portrayed as one big party in the movies, but in truth, theres much more to it than that. Fraternities and sororities that participate in philanthropic work have raised more than $7 million annually for a number of charities since 2011. Theyre also very focused on education and often require members to maintain a minimum GPA to remain in good standing. However, socializing is naturally a large part of Greek life, with parties and events scheduled throughout the year. The chance to meet new friends in an organized atmosphere is a big draw when students consider Greek life. In addition, older frat and sorority members can mentor new students who are adjusting to life on campus. That mentorship proves to be important as students who join fraternities and sororities have a 20 percent higher graduation rate than those who dont. Fraternities and sororities can also have an impact after students graduate and are moving on to the career phase of their lives. Connections made via fraternities and sororities can carry over when youre job hunting and are especially valuable for networking. Even sorority sisters and frat brothers from colleges other than the one you attended will feel at least some affinity for a job candidate who shares their Greek connection. It may not land you the job but it can often get you in the door.

Economics assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economics - Assignment Example Vertical mergers occur when a firm that produces an intermediate product merges with another firm that produces a final product/good whose production requires the intermediate good. Time Warner, Prudential Financial and Brook Bond Lipton India Ltd are examples of vertical, conglomerate and horizontal mergers respectively (Layne 69). Business organizations form mergers because of various reasons. The main ones include the aspect of reducing competition, reducing cost or switching to cost conditions in order to get economies of scope, to increase profitability and to increase market share of particular products just to mention a few (Layne 74). However, it is crucial to note that mergers may not reduce competition incase cournot oligopoly firms exists. In case of a horizontal merger whereby two firms merge with one being a low cost firm than the other one, the Cournot model formed results to cost of one firm being C1=1 while that of the other firm is C2=4. This is the case because demand (P)=10-Q whereby P and Q are price and quantity respectively. Firms that do not merge face high production cost, hence produce less. The set up model is a Cournot model because non-merged firms face higher production cost than the merge, thus have low productivity. However, this is applicable in the case of identical firms. The model also increases production, though it reduces consumer welfare. If the Bertrand model would be applied, firm 2 would have produced at all because of high production cost. The main gains of mergers include the elements of high profitability because of making more sales and the lower competition that is triggered by the existence of one producer (Layne 76). Other benefits include reducing production cost as a result of switching to cost conditions, hence getting economies of scope as well as increasing the market share of particular products. The main disadvantages or losses of mergers include the aspects of some firms